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[Marsh 98]

Marsh RL, Hicks JL, Landau JD. An invesitgation of everyday prospective memory. Memory and Cognition. 1998;26:633–643. Available at: http://www.psychology.uga.edu/hcpl/pub_pdf/16.pdf.

• PM better when retention interval is shorter b/w forming an intention and the time it is to be completed; incentives are offered to promote remembering; prospective tasks are more important;
• factors unique to PM: how comfortable the individual feels about completing the intention, strategies used to remember to perform an action in the future; how PM skills might develop from childhood, whether age-related differences exist;
• PM supported by set of human planning processes
• authors' approach was to freely admit that sacrificing some laboratory control in favour of ecological validity might nevertheless yield important insights regarding how people remember to accomplish their intentions. assumed that cognitive capacities other than RM were critical to PM performance
• most lab studies investigated a single intention performed once; or same intention repeatedly performed; paradigm investigates intentions that participants did not establish themselves;
• authors see reason to address planning and re-prioritisation processes that people use over extended periods of time;
• from the time of formation, most intentions are delayed for some extended period; intentions are then executed as environmental and cognitive demands permit; approach investigates the outcome of the natural processes of updating, abandoning, and revising one's plans as they occur simultaneously with all the various and typical human difficulties that people have managing their time and behaviour;
• experiment 1: assess how many plans people established for themselves over the course of a week and to determine what proportion was actually accomplished; why some intentions went unfulfilled; use of memory aids, native differences in attentional and memory capacities examined;
  • recorders and non-recorders (use of memory aids) had equivalent overall completion rates
• participants remembered to fulfil prearranged appointments and those that involved a commitment to another person; less diligent in fulfilling intentions to arrange appointments, to take or return things
• people overtly forget very few of their plans; re-prioritisation of intentions occurs as current demands dictated and as other opportunities and obligations arose;
• recorders neither had nor did they complete larger numbers of intentions in comparison to non-recorders
• natural recorders seemed to have deficits in both attentional and memory capacities
• recorders thought less about their obligations
• mental rehearsal of one's obligations beneficial to non-recorders, detrimental to recorders
• although recorders might realise benefit of a written record of things to be accomplished, non-recorders can benefit by changing their strategies to include writing things down;
• comprehensive theories do not exist for how people contend with the intentions they establish for themselves;
• PM relies on how people contend with intentions they establish for themselves;
• PM remembering clearly relies on a multidimensional set of cognitive processes;
• one cog. resource (good RM) augments another (more freq. monitoring) for non-recorders
• planning as it relates to re-prioritisation of old and newly established intentions - unrelated to RM, but important factor in PM remembering